Comparative

Comparative

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A.      short adjectives (one syllable adjectives)

a)      To short adjectives, we add “er”.

                               Cheap  +  er  =  cheaper  
                               This book is cheaper than this chair
                               Tall + er =  taller  
                                Ali is taller than Ahmed

b)      One syllable adjective ending in “e” + “r”.

                                Brave  + r  =  braver  
                                Samira is braver than Ahmed
                                 large  + r  =  larger  
                                 My house is larger than our class

c)       One syllable adjective ending in: “consonant + y” =  ier

                                 Easy  =  easier  
                                 English is easier than French
                                 Heavy   =   heavier  
                                 The desk is heavier than the chair.

d)      One syllable adjective ending in one vowel + consonant, we double the consonant and add “er”

                                  Hot  =  hot +t+ er+   =  hotter   
                                  Fes is hotter than Rabat
                                  big  =   big +g+ er   =   bigger  
                                  The bus is bigger than the car

B.      To long adjectives(with two or more syllables), we add “more”

                                  more  expensive/      more interesting
                                  Reading a book is more interesting than watching TV

C.      Irregular comparatives: 

  good  = better/ bad  =  worse/ far =  farther/ little = less/ well  = better

D.      As + adjective + as:

                     Fatima is as good as Ahmed

                     Ali is as tall as Ahmed

 We use “as + adjective + as” to say that two things or persons are equal in some way.

E.       Not as + adjective + as:

                   Ahmed is not as good as Fatima

                   Ahmed is not as short as Driss

 We use “not as + adjective + as” to say that two things or persons are not equal in some way.

EXERCISES

The present simple

The present simple

Affirmative	Negative	Interrogative	Short answers
I work  you work  He works  She works  It works  we work  you work  they work	I do not work   you do not work  He does not work  She does not work  it does not work  we do not work  you do not work  they do not work	do I work ?  do you work?  does He work?  does she work?  does it work?  do we work?  do you work?  do they work?	yes, you do/ no, you do not  yes, i do/ no, i do not  yes, he does/ no, he does not  yes, she does/ no, she does not  yes, it does/ no, it does not  yes, you do/ no, you do not  yes, we do/ no, we do not  yes, they do/ no, they do not

The third person singular (he/ she/ it ): A.       Verb + S: Love  =      he/ she/ it  loves Want  =     she/ he/ it  wants Work  =     she/ he/ it   works B.      Verbs ending in: o, SS, sh, ch, x + es: Kiss     = he/she/ it   kisses Go/do    = she/he/ it  goes/ does Watch    = he/ she/ it watches Brush      = she/ he/ it brushes Box          =  he/ she/ it boxes

C.      Verbs ending in: consonant + y = ies Cry    = he/ she/ it  cries Try    =  she/ he/ it  tries Fly    =   he/ she/ it  flies Fry    =  she/ he/ it  fries D.      Verbs ending in : vowel (a,e,I,o,u) +y  = +es Buy     =    she/he/it   buys Pay     =    she/ he/ it  pays Say     =    she/ he/ it  says Play    =    he/ she/ it  plays

The present continuous

The present continuous

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Affirmative	Negative	Interrogative
I am reading a letter  you are reading a letter  He is reading a letter  She is reading a letter  It is reading a letter  We are reading a letter  you are reading a letter  They are reading a letter	I am not reading a letter  you are not reading a letter  He is not reading a letter  She is not reading a letter  It is not reading a letter  we are not reading a letter  you are not reading a letter  They are not reading a letter	am I reading a letter?  are you reading a letter?  is he reading a letter?  is she reading a letter?  is it reading a letter?  are we reading a letter?  are you reading a letter?  are they reading a letter?

Form :      ● Affirmative: S +  am/ is/ are + verb + ing      ● Negative: S + am/ is / are + not + verb + ing      ● Interrogative: (what) am/ is/ are + S + verb + ing?       Use: the present continuous is used to indicate actions happening at the time of speaking or right now. EXERCISES

must/ mustn't/ don't have to

must/ mustn't/ don't have to

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	Obligation	Prohibition	No obligation
I / you	Must	Mustn’t	Don’t have to
He/ she/ it	Must	Mustn’t	Doesn’t have to
We/ you/ they	Must	Mustn’t	Don’t have to

a.       Use:  

  I must go to school → correct

  I must to go school → not correct

 She mustn’t smoke  → correct 

  She mustn't to smoke → not correct

  She doesn't have to go to school today

b.       Meaning:

	meaning
must	You are obliged to do something/it is necessary → obligation
Mustn’t	There is no choice/ you are prohibited from doing something → prohibition
Don’t have to	There is a choice/ you have options/ you can do something, but you are not obliged to do it

EXERCISES

Quantifiers

Quantifiers

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A.     Quantifiers with uncountable nouns:

→ How much……?

−        There is much water/ coffee in the cap

−        We have a little cheese

B.      Quantifiers with countable nouns:

→ How many………?

−        A few students (used with plural countable nouns)

−        Many students ( used with plural countable nouns)

C.      Quantifiers with countable and uncountable nouns:

→ How much or how many……?

−        A lot of sugar/ students 

-     Some water/ students 

-    Some water/ students

−        Any water/ students  

-    Plenty of bananas/ time

EXERCISES 

Comparative and Superlative

Comparative and Superlative

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1. One syllable adjectives:

Comparative:  + er  : smaller

Superlative: + est :  the smallest

2. One syllable adjectives ending in 'e': brave

Comparative: + r : braver

Superlative:  + st : the bravest

3. One syllable adjectives ending in consonant - vowel - consonant: big

Comparative: add consonant + er : big +g+ er = bigger

Superlative: add consonant + est : the + big + g+ est = the biggest

4. Two syllable adjectives ending in 'y': happy

Comparative:  delete “ y”  and add  -ier : happier

Superlative: delete “y”  and add --iest : the happiest

5. Two or more syllable adjectives: interesting

Comparative: add “more” to adjective: more interesting

Superlative: add “the most” to adjective: the most interesting

Summary:

Comparative and superlative of adjectives
	Adjective	Comparative	Superlative
One-syllable adjectives	old long	older longer	the oldest the longest
Adjectives ending in one vowel and one consonant	big hot	bigger hotter	the biggest the hottest
Adjectives ending in -y	ugly noisy	uglier noisier	the ugliest the noisiest
Adjectives with two or more syllables	expensive beautiful	more expensive more beautiful	the most expensive the most beautiful

6. Irregular adjectives

Irregular adjectives
good	better	the best
bad	worse	the worst
far	farther/further	the farthest/furthest

Use:

1. We use comparatives to compare two things.

Samir is taller than Ali.

Reading a book is more interesting than watching TV.

My car is faster than my friend's car.

2. We use superlatives to compare one thing with the rest of the group it belongs to.

Farid is the tallest in the class.

Fatima is the best student in our class.

My father’s car is the most expensive car in the world

EXERCISES